罐箱供应链中的风险控制

    Categories: 罐箱运营
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    关于课程

    本课程包含如下内容：

    1. 罐箱起源
    2. 罐箱分类
    3. 法律法规
    4. 维护和检测注意事项
    5. 罐箱装卸货注意事项
    6. 罐箱常见风控注意事项
    7. 第三方风控评估表等等

    What Will You Learn?

    • 了解罐箱的起源和发展
    • 了解罐箱在各个环节中常见的风险评估
    • 学习国外先进和系统的罐箱安全运营经验

    Course Content

    1. Introduction
    The portable tank is an intermodal cargo transport unit (CTU) used for the transport of liquids, gases and powders as bulk cargo. Whilst sections of this text may be applicable to the operation of road tank-vehicles, rail tank-wagons, non-metallic tanks and intermediate bulk carriers (IBCs) used for transport, the focus here is the UN portable tank, notably the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tank container. For ease of reference, the term “tank” will be used to apply to portable tanks, UN portable tanks, intermodal portable tanks and tank containers, unless specifically noted. Through the analysis of TT Club’s claims experience there are a number of common errors and misconceptions, which can result in the deterioration or total loss of the cargo and damage to the equipment itself. This document is intended to be a practitioner’s good practice guide covering all stakeholders through the tank transport chain whether operating, filling, discharging or handling tanks. The document is structured in such a way that it follows the natural chronology of the transport chain. The IMO / ILO / UN ECE Code of practice for packing cargo transport units (CTU Code)1 is mentioned throughout this document. Chapter 2 of the CTU Code defines various functional stakeholders in the modern supply chain whilst Chapter 4 provides details of the responsibilities for each. In addition to the guidance and information contained within this document, all stakeholders need to be aware of national, regional and international regulations concerning the preparation and transport of certain commodities.

    2. Tank overview and development

    3. Regulation and standards
    Several areas of the tank industry are standardised or regulated. Regulations include: • The International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972 (CSC) as amended • An approved pressure vessel code (in most instances ASME VIII Div.1) • IMDG Code (or similar modal specifific dangerous goods regulations)4. Tanks used for international transport including a maritime leg must comply with the CSC, which requires that before approval for construction is given, prototype testing is carried out to ensure compliance with the Convention. Swap tanks may not need to comply with this regulation if it is to be carried on land- based transport modes (road and rail). Tanks should also fully comply with the requirements of the Transports Internationaux Routiers (TIR) Convention5 and specifific transport mode requirements such as the Union Internationale des chemins (UIC) Code (railway)6. Tank pressure vessels are required to: • undergo weld non-destructive tests (usually radiographic) and a hydrostatic test on completion of construction • undergo testing every 2.5 years and 5 years. Failure to pass these tests results in the portable tank no longer being approved for the carriage of dangerous goods • adhere to ISO 1496-3 – Series 1 freight containers – specifification and testing – Part 3: Tank containers for liquids, gases and pressurised dry bulk • adhere to EN 1432 Swap bodies Swap tanks, dimensions, requirements, test methods, operating conditions

    4. Equipment selection
    In this section, we will explore the various options available and considerations to be taken when selecting the most appropriate tank for the shipment of cargo. The selection of the correct equipment is of importance and will be determined by the volume, mass and characteristics of the cargo to be shipped, the nature of the journey, and the required transport temperature for the cargo.

    5. Maintenance and testing
    Why run the risk of equipment breakdown? Even the newest, most sophisticated equipment requires maintenance; tanks are no exception. Under the CTU Code, the CTU operator (in this instance generally the tank owner or a leasing company) is responsible for providing a CTU that is fifit for purpose. It is essential to keep the equipment in a sound state of repair to ensure the effificient operation of the tank. Containers used for international transport must comply with the CSC with regard to keeping the container safe. Improper maintenance can cause inconvenient downtime, costly consequential repairs and potential loss of cargo. Establishing a preventative maintenance schedule can prove extremely valuable. Under the CSC, CTU operators are required to develop and operate a maintenance system that describes how the container will be inspected, examined and maintained. This scheme should cover the frame of the tank, plus its connection to the pressure vessel and the prevention of the loss of portable tank service items. The maintenance of the pressure vessel and service items must comply with the approved pressure vessel regulations and the relevant modal specifific regulations. This will include the maintenance and refurbishment of valves and the reseating of hatches. Additionally, tanks are required to be subjected to a periodic inspection and test every 5 years and an intermediate inspection and test every 2.5 years. As a guide, the requirements of the inspections are set out below.

    6. Corrosion

    7. Pre-trip inspections and cleaning

    8. Loading cargo into a tank

    9. In transit instructions

    10. Final mile delivery

    11. Actions in the event of an incident
    Whilst the tank is recognised as the safest means of transporting bulk liquids, there are occasions where incidents occur which may give rise to insurance claims. Whilst such incidents are relatively few in number, given the nature of some of the cargoes being transported, there is the risk of potentially large exposure incidents. In this section we look to highlight the safety features of the tank and provide good practice guidance in the event of an incident.

    Thirteen point checklist
    Whilst the earlier chapters consider each stage of the tank transport chain in detail, below is a 13-point checklist which can serve to provide guidance for an intended shipment. If the answers to the thirteen questions are in the positive, then whilst it doesn’t cover every eventuality, the risk of loss through the supply chain will be greatly reduced.

    Glossary of terms
    Cargo transport unit (CTU) Means a road freight vehicle, a railway freight wagon, a freight container, a road tank vehicle, a railway tank or a portable tank. Used as an alternative to Intermodal Loading Unit (ILU) Carrier The party who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of carriage by rail, road, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. Clean A tank shall be described as clean when there are no visible traces or odour of the last product or cleaning agent following an inspection from the man-lids. Cleaning certifificate Document issued by the cleaning facility to confifirm that the tank is clean. Consignee The party to whom a cargo is consigned under contract of carriage or transport document or electronic record. Also known as the receiver. Consignor The party who prepares a consignment for transport. If the consignor contracts the transport operation with the carrier, the consignor will undertake the function of the shipper. CTU Code IMO / ILO / UN ECE Code of practice for packing cargo transport units intended to assist the industry, employers’ and workers’ organisations as well as Governments in ensuring the safe stowage of cargo in containers. CTU Operator The party who operates the CTU and provides empty CTUs to the consignor/ shipper/packer may be referred to as tank operator. DGN The Dangerous Goods Note (or Dangerous Goods Declaration) is used to accompany deliveries of hazardous goods in transit. IMDG Code Means the current edition of the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code adopted by the Maritime Safety Committee of International Maritime Organisation (IMO). Intermodal portable tank Means a specifific class of portable tanks designed primarily for international intermodal use. Lessor A person or company who leases equipment to another company. NVOCC Non-vessel operating common carrier. A shipment consolidator or freight forwarder who does not own any vessel, but functions as a carrier by issuing its own bills of lading or waybills and assumes responsibility for the shipments. Packer The party that loads, places or fifills the cargo within or on the CTU; the packer may be contracted either by the consignor, the shipper, by the freight forwarder or by the carrier; if the consignor or the shipper packs a CTU within his own premises, the consignor or the shipper is also the packer. Portable tank Means: • For the purposes of the transport of substances of Class 1 and Classes 3 to 9, a multimodal portable tank. It includes a shell fifitted with service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the transport of dangerous goods. • For the purposes of transport of non- refrigerated, liquefified gases of Class 2, a multimodal tank having a capacity of more than 450 litres. It includes a shell fifitted with service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the transport of gases. • For the purposes of transport of refrigerated liquefified gases, a thermally insulated tank having a capacity of more than 450 litres fifitted with service equipment and structural equipment necessary for the transport of refrigerated liquefified gases. The portable tank shall be capable of being loaded and discharged without the need of removal of its structural equipment. It shall possess stabilising members external to the shell and shall be capable of being lifted when full. It shall be designed primarily to be loaded on a vehicle or vessel and is equipped with skids, mountings or accessories to facilitate mechanical handling. Road tank-vehicles, rail tank-wagons, non- metallic tanks, gas cylinders, large receptacles and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) are not considered to fall within this defifinition. PTI Pre-trip inspection. A series of checks carried out before the CTU in question is assigned to carry out its assigned tasks. SDS Safety data sheet is a document created for substances or mixtures containing a wide range of information on the composition, physical, chemical, health and environmental effects of the substance or mixture and on the safe usage, transport, storage and disposal of the products. Shipper The party named on the bill of lading or waybill as shipper and/or who concludes a contract of carriage (or in whose name or on whose behalf a contract of carriage has been concluded) with the carrier. In tank operations, under the ocean bill of lading, the “shipper” may be the CTU operator acting as NVOCC. Tank Means a portable tank, including a tank container, a road tank-vehicle, a rail tank- wagon or a receptacle to contain solids, liquids, or gases, having a capacity of not less than 450 litres when for the transport of gases. Tank Container Means a portable tank with fifittings, structural capabilities and dimensions that enable it to be handled and secured by the same means as any ISO confifigured container and complies with the requirements of ISO 1496-3.

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